Two major technologies have been developed to harness it:
- Photovoltaic solar technology, which directly converts sunlight into electricity using panels made of semiconductor cells.
- Solar thermal technology, which captures the sun’s heat. This heat is used directly or converted into
mechanical energy
Có thể bạn quan tâmSum of the potential energy and kinetic energy of an object or system. Potential energy is th…
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and in turn electricity, known as concentrated solar
power
In physics, power is the amount of energy supplied by a system per unit time. In simpler term…
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. This heat is used directly (low‑temperature solar thermal) or converted into mechanical energy and in turn electricity (concentrated solar power – CSP).
Two different types of installations are used:
- Individual systems for homes or small communities. Photovoltaic panels can power electrical devices, while solar thermal collectors can heat homes or hot water
- Large units, “solar power plants”, whether photovoltaic or thermodynamic, deployed over hundreds of hectares, produce electricity on a large scale that can be fed into the grid.
It is this great flexibility, both the power of large plants supplying cities and industries, and the ability to supply electricity locally, that makes solar energy so attractive, particularly in developing countries where 1.3 billion people have no access to distribution networks. Isolated villages benefit from lighting, groundwater pumping (drinking water, irrigation), telecommunications systems (radio, television, mobile phone) and electrical appliances (refrigerator, sewing machine, etc.).
Photovoltaic Solar Power
The
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photovoltaic effect
Creation of electric current when a semiconductor material is struck by light photons.
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converts light into electricity. It was discovered by French physicist Edmond Becquerel in 1839 and was first used in industrial applications in 1954. The principle: an electric current occurs when electrons are displaced. For this to happen, photons (light particles) excite the outermost electrons of the atoms of certain semiconductor elements.
In practice, light hitting a photovoltaic cell is converted into electricity by a semiconductor, generally
silicon
Silicon crystals come from silica, the main compound in quartz and sand. Silicon is a semi-co…
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. A photovoltaic panel is made up of several cells producing direct current, which is then converted into
alternating current
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A flow of electric charge that changes direction twice per period. It is produced by an alter…
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by an inverter.
The modules, assembled in panels, can be used in small systems or large plants.
Low-Temperature Solar Thermal Power
Low-temperature solar thermal power technology produces heat from the Sun’s rays and uses it directly. Operating at temperatures below 100°C, the installations cater to residential and commercial applications (hot water and heating) as well as to a wide variety of industrial needs. This technology accounts for the lion’s share of solar power generated worldwide.
Solar thermal collectors are used to absorb the heat from the Sun’s rays and transfer it to a
heat transfer fluid
A gas or liquid whose purpose is to transfer heat from point A (the collection point) to poin…
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, such as air, water or antifreeze, which in turn transports it to the areas to be heated.
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